To What Extent Does Personality Predict Employee Performance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2176 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? To what extent does personality predicts employee performance? Introduction: An employee need to perform well in the role and activities listed in the job description. Also for a better performance an employee need to have the skills, knowledge and the right attitude needed for the job. In order to get the best performance from an employee, personality assessment is been carried out during the recruitment process. There are many types of personality assessment such as MBTI personality test, MMPI, FIRO-B personality assessment model, Kellyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal construct theory, Eysenkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personality dimension, Raymond cattellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s two types of personality traits, the big five factors and many more. However, this essay will only discuss about the big five model as it is one of the personality assessment that is most commonly used in a work place to predict employee performance. It is essential to understand that there are s ome criticism about the big five factors as well as the other personality assessment. However, despite the criticism the big five factors was successful in predicting employee performance. It is important to know that there is a close relationship between employee performance and personality. This connection between both employee performance and personality depends on the characteristic of the Job, the organisation and co-workers. It is also important to keep in mind that the success of an organisation would depend on the employee performance. This coursework will address the extent to which personality is used to measure employee performance as well as the relationship between the big five personality and Job performance. Furthermore, this essay will discuss about the two main approaches of personality and will further investigate how personality link into career success and furthermore, predict employee performance. In addition, this essay will briefly address the nature and nurture approach. Main body: The nature and nurture approach may both have an effect in an individual personality. Nature is mainly about genetic inheritance, whereas Nurture is mainly about environmental factors. Researchers found out that genes plays an important role in the development of personality as well as the environment as it help to shape the personality of an individual. According to Funder (2001), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“personality is an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour, and together with the psychological mechanisms-hidden or not-behind those patternsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . He proposed that personality is a predictor of work. Personality can be divided into two main approaches: Nomothetic approach and Idiographic approaches. The nomothetic approach is a measurable and specific perspective that looks at the identification of traits and personality as a collection of characteristics (Mullins 2013). Nomothetic approac h view personality as consistent, mainly inherited and resistant to change. Nomothetic theorist believes that it is possible to measure individual personality through personality assessment without diminish the difficulties that measuring personality brings, as it will help employer to identify employee personality types and how individual would behave in a given certain circumstances. Whereas, Idiographic approach is a self-motivated perspective which insists that managers should take into account a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"wholeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ understanding of the individual at work (Mullins 2013). An individual attitude towards his or her work is affected by his or her personality. Idiographic theorist believes that individual are unique and it is vital to understand such uniqueness and are also concern about the development of personality as it is a process that is open to change. Furthermore, they regard that individual responding to the environment and people around them like friends and families or co-workers can shape and affect individual personality. Idiographic approach suggest that using personality assessment to measure the unique ways in which a person understands and responds to the world is inappropriate and is not valid (Mullins 2013). So therefore, it is vital to understand individual personality in order to predict individual performance. Personality plays an important role in predicting how an individual will work. Hence, using personality assessment, employers can simply identify whether a potential employee will work, happily, intelligently, attentively or even willingly. Personality assessment is used by many companies. Employers make use of personality assessment in order to improve their decision making with respect to future applicants. They have recognized that through personality assessment; high-potential applicants can easily be identified. At this stage, we can state that an employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personality does predict the le vel of performance (Ferguson, 2009). However, Schmitt et al. (1984) found that personality tests were among the least valid types of selection tests. Additionally, Spillane Martin (2005) stated that personality and performance are not related as the efforts of using personality test to predict performance have been spectacularly unsuccessful. Furthermore, it can also be argue that personality assessments are not a good method for predicting employee performance, as individual can give false answers to any question asked in order to meet the company expectation and get the Job (Buchanan, Huczynski, (2010). Pp.173-189). Many studies have been carried out in order to find the relationship between personality and employee performance. Employee performance is the job related activities expected of a worker and how well those activities were performed. Researchers in both personality and industrial-organizational psychology have touched on a five factor model (FFM) which is commonly r ecognised as personality framework. The FFM can be linked to predict performance (Barrick and Mount 1991) and it can also be linked to career success (Tharenou, 1997). Furthermore, the FFM are vital when predicting the job performance of an employee on the basis of personality. The FFM includes Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Openness to experience, Emotional Stability and Agreeableness. Extraversion contains traits such as confidence, activity, and friendliness. Extraverts are active and cheerful. Extraversion is considered to be positive frame of mind and capabilities and is therefore seen as a positive effect (Clark Waston, 1991). Research suggests that extraverted personalities are expected to surpass in occupations that involve individuals to socialize and communicate with other individuals (Barrick and Mount, 1991). Barrack and Mount (1991) also decided that Extraversion predicts not only overall job performance, but mainly sales performance as well. Agreeableness refers to individuals who tend to be innocent, caring towards others, merciful, soft hearted, and kind (Costa McCrae, 1992). Previous research has found no relationship between agreeableness and overall job performance (Barrick and Mount, 1991). However, Barrick et al. (2001) found that the measurement predicts teamwork and that the dimension respectively can predict success in specific jobs. This shows that, depending on the type of occupation, agreeableness may still be theorised as a contributing factor to job performance. Tett et al. (1991) stated that Openness to experience is not effective in predicting job performance. Openness to experience applies to individuals who tend to be productive, inspired, and interested to experience new things amongst other things (Costa McCrae, 1992). Barrick et al. (2001) found no major relationship between openness and performance. Research has shown that openness to experience is linked to success in accessing (Hamilton, 1998), training (Barrick M ount, 1991) and adapting to adjustment (Horton, 1992; Raudsepp, 1990). Emotional stability indicates that individuals who tend to be protected, peaceful and thus more likely to control their desires and survive with stress (Costa McCrae, 1992). Dunn, Mount, Barrick and Ones (1995) indicated that emotional stability is the second most important characteristic that affects the employability of candidates.Out of the big five model, conscientiousness is recognised as the most valid predictor for measuring performance for most jobs. Factors included in conscientiousness lead to excellent job performance. Recent experimental evidence supports the importance of conscientiousness at work, relating the construct to counterproductive work behaviours (Hogan Ones, 1997), effective job seeking behaviour (Wanberg, Watt, Rumsey, 1996), Maintenance (Barrick, Mount, Strauss, 1994), and attendance at work (Judge, Martocchio, Thoresen, 1997). A relationship exists between the big five traits an d career success which in returns lead to employee performance. However, out of the five big traits neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness is the most relevant to career success. It can be argued that to some extent, employee performance is predicted by personality. However, to some extent career success can also predict performance through the personality of the employee. For example, if a person career is to become an accountant and they work in a bank, it is most likely that the performance of that person would be positive. Nevertheless, if the career of that individual does not align to the job he/she is doing then it can be argued that performance of such individual might be affected. Career success is defined as what an individual achieved as a result of their work experiences (Judge, Cable, Boudreau, Bretz 1995). Career success depends on two things such as intrinsic success (job satisfaction) and extrinsic success (income and status). Job satisfaction has been defi ned as the comprising between the actual outcomes and desired outcomes of an employee reaction based on the Job (Egan et al., 2004). Research shows that neuroticism which is the opposite of emotional stability has a negative correlation when link to Job satisfaction and in terms of income and status. Judge and Locke (1993) found out that employees with a negative emotions were likely to have a low job satisfaction which can lead to bad performance as low job satisfaction indicate that employee are not happy with the jobs they are in which can further lead to job stress, poor morale and lack of productivity. On the other hand research shows that Extraversion will be positively related to intrinsic career success and extrinsic success. Watson and Clark (1997) note that extraversion individual has a positive emotion which can lead to a high job satisfaction, and can further predict employee performance. Furthermore, another positive personality related to extrinsic career success is co nscientiousness. Barrack Mount (1997) research shows that conscientiousness may influence extrinsic career success through its high predictor factor on job performance. Conclusion: In conclusion, this essay has found out that out of all the personality assessment used in a company to predict performance, the big five model is the most reliable method of predict employee performance despite all the criticisms of the FFM. This FFM is used by many researchers to predict performance and it has been researched that the most strongly trait that can be used to predict all job occupation is Conscientiousness. It can be argued that FFM is accurate when predicting employee performance as it has also been used for personality assessment. However, one negative effect of using personality assessment to predict performance is that candidate can give false answer in order to meet the job description of the company so that they can get the job. So therefore, it is recommended that companies should not depend on one factor to predict performances as they are other factors that can lead to high performance such as cognitive intelligence/Ability (CI), Emotional intelligence/ Ability (EI) and Motivation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" related attitudes/ competencies. It is important to know that although there are some advantages of using personality to predict employee performance, there are also some disadvantages. One advantage would be, it helps to choose the right candidate for the job which will lead to high performance as the employee will be motivated to work hard as their personality is link to the job they are doing (Buchanan, Huczynski, (2010) .pg. 189). Whereas, one disadvantage would be employee giving false answer on the personality test in order to score high so that they can be given the job which might lead to bad performance for the organisation if the employee actual personality does not link to the job description. This essay has also identified the two main p ersonality approach which are idiographic and nomothetic approach. Idiographic approach tells us that personality is unique and the theorist of this approach believes that employee personality should be open to change. Therefore, idiographic approach believes that personality assessment is not valid when predicting employee performance. Whereas, nomothetic theorist identified traits and believes that personality is resistant to change and further agreed that personality assessment should use when predicting employee performance. Overall, there factors that affect personality differences between individuals. These factors are the biological environment, the social environment, the physical environment, the cultural environment, and role playing. All these factors related to the research about the nature and the nurture discussed in this essay. Reference Barrick, M. R., Stewart, G. L., Piotrowski, M. (2002). Personality and jobperformance: Test ofthe mediating effects of motivation among salesrepresentatives.Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 43-51. Buchanan Huczynski: Organisational Behaviour an introductory text. 4th Ed (Prentice Hall) Egan, T. M., Yang, B., Bartlett, K. R. (2004). The effects of organizational learning cultureand job satisfaction on motivation to transfer learning and turnover intention. 15, 279à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"301 Hurtz, G., Donovan, J. (2000). Personality and job performance: The Big Fiverevisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 869à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"879. Judge, T. A., Higgins, C. A., Thoresen, C. J., Barrick, M. R. (1999). The big fivepersonality traits,general mental ability, and career success across the life span.Personnel Psychology, 52, 621à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"652. Judge, T. A, Ilies, Remus(2002). Relationship of personality to performance motivation: A meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Applied psychology. 87, P797-807. Mullins, L Gill, C (2013). Management organisational behaviour. 10th ed. Prentice Hall Rothmann, s., Coetzer, E. P. (2003) the big five personality dimensions and job performance. Journal of industrial psychology. 29, 68-74. Spillane R, Martin J,( 2005) Personality and performance: foundations for managerial psychology, Sydney : Australia Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "To What Extent Does Personality Predict Employee Performance?" essay for you Create order

A Historical Perspective On Anxiety Management Training Essay

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How Socioeconomic Status of Parents Affects Kids Free Essays

How socioeconomic status of Parents affects their Children’s Development in Academics It is obvious that most people have set beliefs on when they see a family of a low socioeconomic class that their children will grow up to be the same as their parents. People believe that they will not be as likely to do well in school or even in the real world. Many psychologists have done studies that have proven that this assumption is right for the most part. We will write a custom essay sample on How Socioeconomic Status of Parents Affects Kids or any similar topic only for you Order Now Children that have parents, family and neighbors of lower socioeconomic status tend to not do as well in school as their peers of a middle or upper socioeconomic status. Duncan, Kato, Brooks-Gunn Klebanov, 1993) (Duncan, Kato, Brooks-Gunn Klebanov 1993) conducted a study to determine whether a child’s socioeconomic status had any correlation with their academic development, ethnicity and if they were raised by a single parent. (Duncan, Kato, Brooks-Gunn Klebanov 1994) They hypothesized that children of a lower socioeconomic, status and neighborhood would have a direct relation to lower IQ of the children they measured at age 5. They measured each child in their study at age 5 from all of the different socioeconomic, ethnic, and parental backgrounds. They found a strong correlation of a person’s economic status and economic status of the people around them to their IQ. (Barry 2005) also did a study that involved whether or not socioeconomic status had any relevance on whether a child would have better or worse test scores in 10th grade on a standardized test based on the child’s economic status. He hypothesized that children of a lower economic status or of a Hispanic, African American, or Indian will tend to have lower Scores than children of white children with a higher socioeconomic status. His results show that the strongest predictor of student test scores is socioeconomic status. (Barry 2005) He states that ethnicity combined with economic status plays a large factor in how well the students did on the SAT standardized test. For example, in 1991-1992 African American students placed significantly lower on the SAT than White students. (Barry 2005) Janet Currie and Joshua Goodman have also done a study in that they were looking for a correlation between socioeconomic status of a child and how well they would perform on certain standardized tests. Their results have shown the same positive correlation as in the other two articles. (Investments in education pay off in the form of higher future earnings, and differences in educational attainments explain a significant fraction of the adult variation in wages, incomes, and other outcomes. But what determines a child’s educational success? Most studies point to family background as the primary factor. But why does background matter? While many aspects are no doubt important, research increasingly implicates health as a potentially major factor. The importance of health for education and earnings suggests that if family background affects child health, then poor child health may in turn affect education and future economic status. ) (Currie, Goodman) After reviewing both ideas of ethnicity and socioeconomic status having or not having a measurable outcome on academic proficiency, psychologists are able to determine that while not 100% of lower economic status students and ethnic students performed worse an overwhelming majority didn’t perform as well as their upper economic status or white peers. References Barry (1994) The effect of socioeconomic status of academic Acheviement Wichita State University, Thesis Paper Duncan, Kato, Brooks-Gunn Klebanov (1993) Economic deprivation and Early childhood development Currie, Goodman (ND) Parental socioeconomic status, Child Health, and Human Capital How to cite How Socioeconomic Status of Parents Affects Kids, Papers

Growing Dependence of Humans on Electronic Machines and Gadgets

Question: Discuss about the Growing Dependence of Humans on Electronic Machines and Gadgets. Answer: Introduction The purpose of the following research paper is to find out the relation and impact of the growing dependency of the human beings on the electronic machines and gadgets and how does it affect their mental health and wellbeing as well as physical health. Without the technology, life becomes crippled in the twenty first century (Hill, 2017). Electronic gadgets are a part of the technological revolution. Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, etc. are the mostly used gadgets in everyday life (Gani, 2017). However, experts also say that, the growing dependency on the gadgets have both positive and negative impacts on the mental and physical health of the people. The gadgets are making life easier but the social interactions are reduced due to these gadgets and peoples health is affected too (Rahmah, 2015). Problem statement/ knowledge gap The problem statement of this research paper focuses on the impact of the growing dependency of the people on the electronic machines and gadgets and its effect on the well being of the people and on the children. Type of research The research that will be undertaken for this paper will be quantitative research. Primary and secondary data will be collected and those will be analyzed quantitatively to get a scientifically relevant solution. Significance This paper aims to find out how much people have become dependent on the electronic gadgets and how it affects their well being. This study would be helpful for future research on a relevant topic and would also help in finding out more ways to improve quality of life through the adoption of the positive impacts of electronic gadgets. Research objectives The objectives of the research paper are: To critically analyze the impact of digital tools on the human beings To evaluate the dependency of the children on the electronic gadgets and its impact on them To find out and examine the negative impact of the gadgets on human health To assess the addiction of people towards the electronic gadgets Research questions What is the overall impact of the electronic gadgets on the daily life of people? How the children are dependent on the electronic gadgets and what are the impacts on them? What are the negative impacts of the dependency on the electronic gadgets on the human health? Literature review: Electronic devices or Gadgets The term gadget means the portable electronic devices, which are part of one or more of the following categories: gaming consoles, MP3 players mobile phones or various other wireless enabled devices (Lee, 2005). It has been found that globally the smartphone users have crossed the mark of one billion users in the year 2012 (Emarketer, 2014). Thus, the penetration of mobile phones will increase from 61.1% to 69.4% between 2013 and 2017 (Abu-Tair Abu-Shanab, 2014). Already electronic gadgets have turned out to be in extensive use by people of all age groups, but in case of young generation electronic gadgets and technology has a substantial stake in their educational as well as social lives. They are exposed to various electronic gadgets or devices since childhood like video games, computer, Internet, cell phones and various other forms of technology (Nakel Naval, 2015). Impact of Digital Tools on Humans In past few decades, the relationship of human beings with information and communication technologies has turned out to be quite intimate. For example, Smartphones have become an inseparable companion of humans with a huge list of apps, smart appliances, wearables, which allows generation, storage as well as collection of large volumes of data regarding each and every aspect of life. There are large number of people who are using electronic gadgets or life hacks due to social, health related or economic reasons or just because of sheer curiosity and personal enjoyment (Sharon, 2016). A rise in the dependence on electronic gadgets is casting negative impact on several talents, for example, mathematical intuitions. It also makes people lazy. For example, it has been seen that the quality of handwriting of human beings has seen a decline due to heavy usage of computer keyboards. People have become highly dependent on cell phones instead of their personal memory to store the telephone numbers as well as other information. Although these gadgets and devices prove to be very useful, they are simultaneously triggering an alarm because humans are losing analytical capability as well as professional intuition (Means Mubarak, 2012). Dependency and Impact of Electronic Gadgets on Children Large number of children is seen to be hooked to television, computers, tablets or mobile phones watching favourite shows or playing games instead of playing outdoors. In the past two decades the frequency of watching television has grown twice. Obesity is considered to be a major issue, which is found gripping children who use more electronic gadgets. These kids avoid all kinds of physical activity and prefer spending their time with electronic gadgets. A child using more of electronic gadgets, will not be using their skills and knowing their capabilities (Deepak, 2016). Negative Effect of Electronic on Human Health Although technology has had positive effects on society, it is also casting severe negative impacts as well on human health. Electronic gadgets cause physical strains as excessive texting as well as swiping in case of smartphones and tablets results in inflated tendons, index fingers, and in thumb joints, pain in wrist, weakness of the grip over a prolonged usage of these devices. Excessive use of handheld devices like tables, cell phones or gaming consoles results in poor postures (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). The artificial light from the mobile phones or tablets hinders the pineal glands and it stops producing melatonin, a hormone, which stabilises the human bodys circadian rhythm or commonly known as 24-hour biological clock. Increase in stress, depression in men and women as well as sleeping disorders are common. Addiction to video games causes repetitive strain injuries and its prolonged use causes sedentary lifestyle, resulting in obesity. Moreover, radiations by some gadgets might increase the risk of cancer (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). Electronic Device Addiction Electronic Device Addiction can be called as a kind of behavioural addiction in which man-made machines interactions are involved. In this decade, there has been huge evolution in the field of mobile phones, emerging as smart phones as well as they are incorporated with social media and is the leading addictive electronic gadget (Subba et al., 2013). Mobile phone addiction has been described by psycho analysts as award seeking behaviour. Mainly the young population is seen to be pre-occupied with electronic gadgets mainly the mobile phones (Griffiths, 2015). Research design and methods Research methodology refers to the systematic plan for conducting the research (Alvesson Skldberg, 2017). In this research study, the researcher needs to address the research questions by collecting the data and evaluating them by using a scientific approach. Hence, research approach, design, data collection and analysis process are the subject matter of research methodology. In the current study, the researcher will choose the interpretivism philosophy as the topic deals with a social phenomenon (Potrac, Jones Nelson, 2014). Research design focuses on the overall strategy of the research. There are two major types of research design: exploratory and explanatory. Exploratory research design is the process that deals with a problem, which was not explored earlier. This process studies the problem in details, establishes the priorities, develops the definitions and improves the final designs. On the other hand, explanatory research design addresses a known issue in a more detailed manner to explain other aspects (Creswell, 2014). In this paper, the researcher will choose explanatory method of research as the topic has been explored before. The case study approach will be applied to address the topic. Case study approach is helpful to evaluate the bigger picture through a small sample (Zainal, 2017). It helps in taking a sample for the data collection and analysis and evaluating the problem based on that. Population Since the research is based on the digital tool addiction, hence, according to the researcher, the customers of an electronics store would be the best population for survey. This group of customers consists of new and existing customers. The customer base of Best Buy would be helpful as it is an electronics store and the trend of electronics goods purchase might provide some insight for the research. Sampling approach and sample size A sample size of 50 people will be chosen through simple random sampling. These 50 people will be chosen from the customer base of Best Buy Australia. Simple random sampling is a probability sampling where each customer has the equal probability of being chosen. As the customer base is homogenous in terms of nature, hence this sampling method will be used. This helps in minimizing the systematic bias (Rossi, Wright Anderson, 2013). Survey design A survey questionnaire will be prepared by the researcher himself and will be handed out to 50 random customers during the billing. The questionnaire would contain 5 close ended questions and 3 open ended interview questions. The questions will be well designed and based on level of usage of electronic gadgets. Constructs, Operationalization and measurement levels Creations based on observations are called constructs. The indicators and dimensions of digital tools addiction are the constructs of this paper. Developing the methods for measuring the data and reaching to a conclusion is the operationalization process. In this case, ordinal measurement levels will be used to find out the ranking of the variables. Qualitative measurement is possible in ordinal measurement (Covin Miller, 2014). Mode of Data collection The researcher will be collecting both the primary and secondary data for this research study. Primary data is the one, which is collected directly from the field of study and secondary data is the one that is collected from already published sources (Beer Faulkner, 2014). In this research study, the researcher will conduct a survey, focusing on the digital tools addiction and its impacts on the adults and children. For the secondary data, the researcher will look for the data on health problems, mental issues, and the usage of electronic goods in daily lives. For that, the official websites of WHO and other international health organizations and various health and technology journals will be explored by the researcher. The official sales data of Best Buy Australia will also be taken to get an idea about the sales of electronics goods. Analytic method The quantitative data analysis process will be used in this paper. The researcher will analyze the primary data by using scientific methods, such as statistical tools of correlation, regression, and frequency calculation. This minimizes any biasness and fluctuation in the observation (Treiman, 2014). The secondary data and the interview responses will be used to validate the results of primary data analysis. Type of Contribution In this research paper, the researcher will perform empirical analysis and hence will do empirical contribution. The effects of a potential moderator variable on the nature of the relationship between the constructs will be examined in this contribution (Burtch, Ghose Wattal, 2016). Limitations and conclusion The primary limitation of this research study is the small size of the sample. It is not possible for the researcher to collect interview and survey responses from a huge population, as this would make the study robust, complex and time consuming. The data on the effects on children could also be ambiguous as the children might not be able answer the survey questions accurately. Technology is producing large number of electronic gadgets and devices to make our lives easier and better. Invention of new technology leads to higher level of dependence of younger generation on these gadgets resulting in addiction amongst them. This is a behavioural addiction, which brings about negative impacts on human health. There can be issues like headaches, depression, obesity and anxiety due prolonged use of gadgets and this affects the lifestyle. Thus, it becomes all the more necessary to analyse the real time impact of growing dependency on electronic gadgets. References Hill, D. (2017). On the importance of the imaginative forward glance.Endeavour. Gani, S. A. (2017, May). 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How to use primary and secondary data.Chapters, 192-209. Treiman, D. J. (2014).Quantitative data analysis: Doing social research to test ideas. John Wiley Sons. Burtch, G., Ghose, A., Wattal, S. (2016). Secret admirers: An empirical examination of information hiding and contribution dynamics in online crowdfunding.Information Systems Research,27(3), 478-496. Abu-Tair, H. Abu-Shanab, E., 2014. Mobile Government Services: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Technology Diffusion, 5(1), pp.17-25. Deepak, S., 2016. Addiction to gadgets increasing. The Hindu, 3 June. Emarketer, 2014. Smartphone Users Worldwide Will Total 1.75 Billion in 2014. [Online] Available at: https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Smartphone-UsersWorldwide-Will-Total-175-Billion-2014/1010536 [Accessed 6 October 2017]. Lee, D., 2005. Womens creation of camera phone Cultue. The Fibreculture Journal., (6). Means, R.S. Mubarak, S.A., 2012. 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Growing Dependence of Humans on Electronic Machines and Gadgets Question: Discuss about theGrowing Dependence of Humans on Electronic Machines and Gadgets. Answer: Introduction An electronic gadget is a small tool or a machine that performs specific function and is often believed to be a novelty. There is no work as such that can be done without taking assistance from electronic machines or gadgets. This literature review thus critically analyses the growing dependence of human beings on electronic machines as well as gadgets by analysing the previous research conducted in this field. Literature Review Electronic devices or Gadgets The term gadget means the portable electronic devices which are part of one or more of the following categories: gaming consoles, MP3 players mobile phones or various other wireless enabled devices (Lee, 2005). It has been found that globally the smartphone users have crossed the mark of one billion users in the year 2012 (Emarketer, 2014). It is expected that in the global electronics market 4.55 billion people will be using mobile phones by the year end 2014. Thus the penetration of mobile phones will increase from 61.1% to 69.4% between 2013 and 2017 (Abu-Tair Abu-Shanab, 2014). Already electronic gadgets have turned out to be in extensive use by people of all age groups, but in case of young generation electronic gadgets and technology has a substantial stake in their educational as well as social lives. They are exposed to various electronic gadgets or devices since childhood like video games, computer, Internet, cell phones and various other forms of technology(Nakel Naval, 2 015). Impact of Digital Tools on Humans In past few decades the relationship of human beings with information and communication technologies has turned out to be quite intimate .For example Smartphones have become an inseparable companion of humans with a huge list of apps , smart appliances , wearables which allows generation, storage as well as collection of large volumes of data regarding each and every aspect of life. There are large number of people who are using electronic gadgets or life hacks due to social, health related or economic reasons or just because of sheer curiosity and personal enjoyment (Sharon, 2016). The digital tools are impacting human ontologies because humans are adapting both the environment as well as themselves to the more and more complex ICTs. The new electronic devices with their advanced technologies are teaching or educating human beings as users. This kind of integration makes use of large envelopment of the physical world in which we live (Florida 2012). Envelopment which was regarded as a stand-alone phenomenon for example in case of a dishwasher it is a machine or gadget that is built around an enveloped microenvironment or the one which is being constrained by specific space for example a car factory where hundreds of robots work. However , there are several ubiquitous cell towers as well as Wi-Fi hotspots that have already enveloped and then transformed the physical environment, thus making our world more technology friendly where the ubiquitous smart devices are capable of gathering, transferring and then processing vast amount of data permanently (Hernandez- r amirez, 2017). Cognition is enabling a completely new class of products as well as services in order to reason, learn as well as sense about the users and the world in which they live. Thus electronic devices along with their technology allow continuous improvement as well as adaptation. They also help in augmentation of their capabilities so as to deliver various uses that were not previously imagined. This can be seen happening with medical devices, various appliances, cars as well as in case of toys. The Internet of Things (IoT) is helping in expanding the digital universe through its products and unique services by including the products and services with cognition (Kelly III, 2015). Thus there is seen a rise in the dependence on electronic gadgets which is casting negative impact on several talents for example mathematical intuitions. For example, it has been seen that the quality of handwriting of human beings has seen a decline due to heavy usage of computer keyboards. People have become highly dependent on cell phones instead of their personal memory to store the telephone numbers as well as various other information. Although these gadgets and devices prove to be very useful but they are simultaneously triggering an alarm because we humans are losing analytical capability as well as professional intuition. Human beings are becoming too much dependent on the various technologies applied in electronic devices that they are unable to perform simple tasks without the electronic gadgets or devices. Computers as well as other electronic gadgets are considered to be very wonderful tools which help humans in various walks of life, but they should never be considered as replacements for human creativity, thinking as well as human intelligence (Means Mubarak, 2012). Dependency and Impact of Electronic Gadgets on Children Large number of children is seen to be hooked to television, computers, tablets or mobile phones watching favourite shows or playing games instead of playing outdoors. In the past two decades the frequency of watching television has grown twice. This seriously impacts the health of children. Obesity is considered to be a major issue which is found gripping children who use more electronic gadgets. The reason being children now-a-days prefer to eat food as well in front of television or watching mobile phones. These kids avoid all kinds of physical activity and prefer spending their time with electronic gadgets. Thus a child who will be using more of electronic gadgets will be depending more on them and will not be using their skills and knowledge for their work (Deepak, 2016). Negative Effect of Electronic on Human Health Although technology has had positive effects on society but on the flip side it is casting severe negative impacts as well on human health Electronic gadgets pose serious possible risks as well as hazards to human health. It causes physical strains as excessive texting as well as swiping in case of smartphones and tablets results in inflated tendons, index fingers, as well as thumb joints. In case of electronic devices like tablets smartphones theres is excessive use of thumbs and index finger which results in pain in wrist, weakness of the grip over a prolonged usage of these devices. Excessive use of handheld devices like tables, cell phones or gaming consoles results in poor postures for example hunched back, rounded shoulders or forward head (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). The artificial light emitted by the mobile phones or tablets hinders the pineal glands and its stops producing melatonin , a hormone which stabilises the human bodys circadian rhythm or commonly known as 24-hour biological clock (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). Heavy use of electronic devices is usually found to be connected with increase in stress, depression in men and women as well as sleeping disorders. Sleep related issues are found more in people working in ICT industry as they have to work on computer intensively and have to communicate all through the day on mobile phone. In the same way handheld gizmos do act as entertainment tool, but they result in gaming addiction and it is not juts children but adults too become addicted to video games. This causes repetitive strain injuries and at the same time prolonged use causes sedentary lifestyle, which finally results in obesity. Moreover, some of the electronic devices or gadgets also emit radiations which might increase the risk of cance r. While some researchers believe that the radiations emitted from electronic gadgets kills neurons or weakens the immunity system (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). Electronic Device Addiction Electronic Device Addiction can be called as a kind of behavioural addiction in which man-made machines interactions are involved. With the advancement in technology there is seen diversification as well as accentuation towards being addicted to electronic gadgets (Susila et al., 2017) . This technology addition started with radios and then trickled down to television and has now reached the mobile phones. In this decade there has been huge evolution in the field of mobile phones , emerging as smart phones as well as they are incorporated with social media and is the leading addictive electronic gadget (Subba et al., 2013). Mobile phone addiction has been described by psycho analysts as award seeking behaviour. Mainly the young population is seen to be pre-occupied with electronic gadgets mainly the mobile phones (Griffiths, 2015). Television addiction started as it is the most accessible mass media for both literates as well as illiterates. But it is also the leading mass medium which helps in educating, entertaining, watching news and movies for the common people. With the launch of Smart TVs in late 2010s, that also have integrated internet function, the popularity of television has increased amongst the young generation again. Being addicted to electronic devices like television or mobile phones is considered to be a compulsive behaviour which is almost same as compulsive behaviour (Susila et al., 2017). Thus humans are getting addicted to electronic devices and this is leading type of behavioural addiction to be seen amongst them that needs to be investigated. Conclusion Technology is producing large number of electronic gadgets and devices to make our lives easier and better. The recently developed IT driven gadgets are very lucrative and fast catching the attention of current generation especially the youth and children . This leads to higher level of dependence of younger generation on these gadgets which results in electronic gadgets addiction amongst them. This is kind of behavioural addiction which brings about negative impacts as well as there can be neurological impairments. Using gadgets for a longer period of time also causes negative impacts on the health. There can be issues like headaches, depression, and anxiety. Tech-gadgets addiction also impacts the lifestyle of the people who are very much dependent on them and this might result in lifestyle diseases like obesity or diabetes. Thus it becomes all the more necessary to analyse the real time impact of growing dependency on electronic gadgets. Bibliography Abu-Tair, H. Abu-Shanab, E., 2014. Mobile Government Services: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Technology Diffusion, 5(1), pp.17-25. Deepak, S., 2016. Addiction to gadgets increasing. The Hindu, 3 June. Emarketer, 2014. Smartphone Users Worldwide Will Total 1.75 Billion in 2014. [Online] Available at: https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Smartphone-UsersWorldwide-Will-Total-175-Billion-2014/1010536 [Accessed 6 October 2017]. Ewles, L., 2005. Key Topics in Public Health: Essential Briefings on Prevention and Health Promotion. Elsevier. Greenlifetsyle, 2014. THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ELECTRONICS ON HUMAN HEALTH. greenlifestylemarket, 11 July. Griffiths, M.D., 2015. Internet addiction: Fact or fiction?. The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychology Society, 12, pp.246-50. Hernandez- ramirez, R., 2017. Technologies of Self - How are digital tools affecting human ontologies. Lisbon, POrtugal: Faculty of Fine Arts , University of Lisbon. Kelly III, J.E., 2015. Computing, cognition and the future of knowing. IBM. Lee, D., 2005. Womens creation of camera phone Cultue. The Fibreculture Journal., (6). Means, R.S. Mubarak, S.A., 2012. How to Estimate with RSMeans Data: Basic Skills for Building Construction. John Wiley Sons. Nakel, M.P. Naval, S., 2015. Study of Impact and Dependency of Electronic Gadgets on Health Life Style of Students -A Comparative Study Among Youth Population in MGM Campus, Aurangabad. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 6(5), pp.2174-78. Sharon, T., 2016. Self-Tracking for Health and the Quantified Self : Rearticulating autonomy, solidarity and authenticiuty in an age of personalised helathcare. Philosphy Technology, 30(1). Subba, S., Mandelia, C., PataK, V. Reddy, D., 2013. Ringxiety and the Mobile Phone Usage Pattern among the Students of aMedical College in South India. Journal of Clinica and Diagnostic Research, 7(2), pp.205-09. Susila, T. et al., 2017. A cross sectional study on electronic device addiction among youth in an urban area, Chennai. Stanley Medical Journal, 4(1).